tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32649321391843097552023-11-16T03:22:10.867+11:00The New Latin Primerbeing completed graduallyUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger13125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3264932139184309755.post-87163445814467100862011-08-07T16:59:00.003+10:002011-08-07T21:25:28.411+10:00The New Latin Primer<div style="color: red; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">THE NEW LATIN PRIMER</span></div><div style="color: #073763; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #073763; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">edited by</span></div><div style="color: #073763; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #073763; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">J. P. POSTGATE, MA, Litt.D,</span></div><div style="color: #073763; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">FELLOW AND CLASSICAL LECTURER OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE;</span></div><div style="color: #073763; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.</span></div><div style="color: #073763; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #073763; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">with the cooperation of</span></div><div style="color: #073763; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #073763; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">C. A. VINCE, M.A.,</span></div><div style="color: #073763; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">HEAD MASTER OF MILL HILL GRAMMAR SCHOOL; LATE FELLOW OF CHRIST’S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.</span></div><div style="color: #073763; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #073763; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #4c1130;">———</span></div><div style="color: #073763; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited</span></div><div style="color: #073763; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">LONDON, PARIS, NEW YORK & MELBOURNE.</span><br />
</div><div style="color: #073763; font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">1888. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">revised 1890</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">[reprint of 1916; slightly edited by Informal, 2011] </span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3264932139184309755.post-69023601675349342142011-08-07T16:58:00.001+10:002011-08-07T22:30:28.511+10:00Preface<div style="color: #073763; text-align: justify;">The object of this Grammar is to provide in a concise and readily comprehensible form all the information that can be required by all but advanced students of Latin. Much trouble has been expended in verifying the statements which it contains, and selecting suitable illustrations; and it is hoped that those who use it will have little afterwards to unlearn.<br />
The best foreign authorities have been consulted, and amongst Grammars in English, those of Roby and Gildersleeve have been found of service, while some hints, chiefly in points of arrangement, have been taken from elementary grammars in current use. Notwithstanding this, it is believed that the books sufficiently original, as a whole, to justify its title of <i>the New Latin Primer</i>.<br />
Among special points may be mentioned the careful marking of the quantity, both in closed and open syllables, in such a way as should make false quantities impossible. The Reformed Pronunciation, as used in the University of Cambridge, has been fully explained, but the book can be used without disadvantage by all who adhere to the old. Considerable simplifications have been introduced into the Syntax, as in the treatment of the Tenses, the Subjunctive Mood, Conditional Statements, Indirect Discourse, and elsewhere. The standard of the best Classical Prose has been followed throughout, and deviations from it, whether in forms or usages, have been marked as such.<br />
Besides his obligations to Mr. Vince, who has contributed the larger part of the Accidence—his contributions including a shortening of the Gender rules and a simpler presentation of the Third Declension—the Editor is indebted to the Rev. Dr. Moulton, Head Master of the Leys School, for some suggestions, and to Dr. Gow, Head Master of Nottingham High School, for an instructive revision of the proof sheets.</div><div style="color: #073763; text-align: justify;"><br />
<i>Trinity College, Cambridge,</i></div><div style="color: #073763; text-align: justify;"><i>August, 1888.</i></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3264932139184309755.post-49598653392496644992011-08-06T23:57:00.012+10:002011-08-10T14:21:49.524+10:00Contents<div style="color: #cc0000; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Part One</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">ELEMENTARY</span></span></div><br />
<div style="color: #674ea7; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">INTRODUCTORY AND ACCIDENCE</span></div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">The Latin Language</div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Latin Alphabet and Pronunciation</div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Parts of Speech</div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Inflections</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Declension of Nouns,</span> <a href="http://thenewlatinprimer.blogspot.com/2011/08/declension-of-nouns.html">17</a><br />
<span style="color: #0b5394;">First Declension, </span><a href="http://thenewlatinprimer.blogspot.com/2011/08/first-declension-18.html">18</a>, <a href="http://thenewlatinprimer.blogspot.com/2011/08/first-declension-19.html">19</a></div><span style="color: #0b5394;">Second Declension,</span> <a href="http://thenewlatinprimer.blogspot.com/2011/08/second-declension-20.html">20</a><br />
<div style="color: #0b5394;">Third Declension</div><div style="color: #0b5394;">Fourth Declension</div><div style="color: #0b5394;">Fifth Declension</div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Adjectives of the First Class</div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Adjectives of the Second Class</div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Comparison of Adjectives</div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Adverbs formed from Adjectives</div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Numeral Adjectives</div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Pronouns</div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;"><div style="color: #674ea7;">Verbs</div>Inflections of Verbs, <a href="http://thenewlatinprimer.blogspot.com/2011/08/inflections-of-verbs-54.html">54</a><br />
Inflections of Person, <a href="http://thenewlatinprimer.blogspot.com/2011/08/inflections-of-person-55.html">55 </a></div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Inflections of Number, <a href="http://thenewlatinprimer.blogspot.com/2011/08/inflections-of-number-56.html">56</a><br />
Conjugation of <i>esse</i></div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">First Conjugation, Active Voice </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Second Conjugation, Active Voice</div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Third Conjugation, Active Voice </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Fourth Conjugation, Active Voice </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">First Conjugation, Passive Voice </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Second Conjugation, Passive Voice </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Third Conjugation, Passive Voice </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Fourth Conjugation, Passive Voice </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Paradigm of the Four Conjugations </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Verbs in -<i>to</i> of the Third Conjugation </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Conjugation of Deponent Verbs. </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Remarks on the Conjugations </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Conjugation of Irregular Verbs </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Adverbs </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #674ea7; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">SYNTAX</span> </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">On Sentences </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">The Simple Sentence </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Construction</div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Agreement </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Government </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">Use of the Cases</span> </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Nominative, Vocative </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Accusative </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Dative </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Genitive </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Ablative </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Locative </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Adjectives </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Degrees of Comparison </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Pronouns </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">The Finite Verb </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Persons </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">The Passive Voice </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">The Tenses </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">The Moods </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Verbals </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">The Infinitive </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Negatives </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Questions</span> </div><div style="color: #674ea7; text-align: justify;">The Complex Sentence </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Principal and Dependent Clauses </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Moods in Dependent Clauses </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Tenses in Dependent Clauses </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Negatives in Dependent Clauses </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">The Conditional Statement </div><div style="color: #0b5394;">Principles of Indirect Quotation</div><br />
<div style="color: #cc0000; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Part Two </b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">SUPPLEMENTARY</span></span> </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Pronunciation and Spelling of Latin </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Gender of Nouns </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;"><div style="color: #674ea7;">Declension of Nouns and Adjectives</div><span style="color: #0b5394;">First Declension, <a href="http://thenewlatinprimer.blogspot.com/2011/08/first-declension-266.html">266</a>, <a href="http://thenewlatinprimer.blogspot.com/2011/08/first-declension-267.html">267 Greek nouns</a></span><br />
<span style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Second Declension</span> </span><br />
<span style="color: #0b5394;">Third Declension</span><br />
<span style="color: #0b5394;">Fourth Declension</span><br />
<span style="color: #0b5394;">Fifth Declension</span></div><span style="color: #0b5394;">Irregular Nouns, <a href="http://thenewlatinprimer.blogspot.com/2011/08/irregular-nouns-279.html">279</a></span><br />
<div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Numerals </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Pronouns and Pronominal Adverbs </div><div style="color: #0b5394;">Principal Parts of Verbs </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Remarks on the Conjugations </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Derivative Verbs </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Prepositions </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Supplementary Syntax</span> </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Subject and Predicate </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Peculiarities of Agreement </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">The Accusative </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">The Dative </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">The Genitive </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">The Ablative </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">The Locative </div><div style="color: #0b5394;">Translation of English Prepositions </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Construction of <i>opus est</i>, <i>usus est</i> </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Construction of Interjections </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Adjectives </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Use of the Pronouns </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Co-ordinate Conjunctions and Adverbs </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">The Verb </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Gerund and Gerundive </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Participles </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Infinitive </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Subjunctive in Principal Sentences </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">Dependent Clauses</span> </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">The Sequence of Tenses </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">The Subjunctive Mood </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Subjunctive and Indicative </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Construction of Certain Conjunctions </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Notes on the Conditional Statement </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="color: #0b5394;">The <i>Oratio Obliqua</i></div><br />
</div><div style="color: #cc0000; text-align: justify;">ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">PROSODY</span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">MISCELLANEOUS</span> </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Verbs Governing a Dative </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Construction of Impersonal and Quasi-Impersonal Verbs </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Verbs Governing <i>ut</i> with the Subjunctive </div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Parsing</div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Roman Calendar</div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Roman Weights and Money</div><div style="color: #0b5394; text-align: justify;">Abbreviations<br />
Addendum on the Supine in <i>-u</i><br />
On Distributive Numerals</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3264932139184309755.post-2379792301661365812011-08-06T22:43:00.001+10:002011-08-10T13:41:43.637+10:00Declension of Nouns<div style="color: #073763;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">17</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #073763;">Nouns are distributed into Five <i>Declensions</i>. In Latin dictionaries the Declension to which a Noun belongs is shown by giving the inflexion of the Genitive Singular.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br style="color: #073763;" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #073763;">The </span><span style="color: #073763;">Genitive Singular </span><span style="color: #073763;">of the First Declension ends in <b>ae</b></span>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #073763;">The </span><span style="color: #073763;">Genitive Singular </span><span style="color: #073763;">of the Second Declension ends in <b>î</b></span>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #073763;">The </span><span style="color: #073763;">Genitive Singular </span><span style="color: #073763;">of the Third Declension ends in <b>ĭs</b>.<br />
<span style="color: #073763;">The </span><span style="color: #073763;">Genitive Singular </span><span style="color: #073763;">of the Fourth Declension ends in <b>ûs</b></span>.<br />
<span style="color: #073763;">The </span><span style="color: #073763;">Genitive Singular </span><span style="color: #073763;">of the Fifth Declension ends in <b>êî</b></span>.<br />
<br style="color: #073763;" /><span style="color: #073763;"><i style="color: #351c75;">General Rules of Declension</i><span style="color: #351c75;">.</span>—In <i>Neuter</i> Nouns the</span><span style="color: #073763;"> Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative are always alike, and the </span></span><span style="color: #073763;"><span style="color: #073763;">Nominative, </span></span><span style="color: #073763;"><span style="color: #073763;">Vocative, and Accusative </span></span><span style="color: #073763;"><span style="color: #073763;">always end in -<i>ă</i>.</span><br style="color: #073763;" /><span style="color: #073763;">The </span></span><span style="color: #073763;"><span style="color: #073763;">Nominative and </span></span><span style="color: #073763;"><span style="color: #073763;">Vocative</span></span><span style="color: #073763;"><span style="color: #073763;"> of all Genders are alike, except in the Masculine </span></span><span style="color: #073763;">Singular</span><span style="color: #073763;"><span style="color: #073763;"> of the Second Declension.</span><br style="color: #073763;" /><span style="color: #073763;">The Dative and Ablative Plurals are always alike.</span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3264932139184309755.post-4585438037113890982011-08-06T22:42:00.011+10:002011-08-07T22:07:52.626+10:00First Declension I<b style="color: #cc0000;">18</b><br />
<div style="color: #073763;">The Nominative Singular, ends in -<b>ă</b>, except certain Greek nouns. See § <a href="http://thenewlatinprimer.blogspot.com/2011/08/first-declension-267.html"><b>267</b></a>.</div><div style="color: #073763;">G<span style="font-size: x-small;">ENDER</span>.—Feminine, except a few Nouns denoting male persons, as pŏêtă <i>poet</i>.</div><div style="color: #073763;"><br />
Ex. <b>hast</b><b>ă</b> <i>spear</i>, base <b>hast</b>-.</div><br />
<center><table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5"><tbody>
<tr><td></td> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">singular</span></i></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #fc3023;"><span style="color: #a64d79;">plural</span></span></i></span> </td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Nom</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">hastă</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">hastae</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Voc</i></span>.</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">hastă</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">hastae</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Acc</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">hastam</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">hastâs</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Gen.</i></span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">hastae</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">hastârum</td></tr>
<tr> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">Dat</span></i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">hastae</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">hastîs</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Abl</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">hastâ</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">hastîs</td></tr>
<tr> </tr>
</tbody></table></center><br />
<span style="color: #33003f;">The Locative Singular, when used, ends in <i>-ae</i>, as <b>Rômae</b>, <i>at Rome</i>.<br />
<br />
<b>D</b></span><span style="color: #33003f;"><b>ĕ</b></span><b style="color: #073763;">ă</b><span style="color: #33003f;"> <i>goddess</i> has Dative and Ablative Plural dĕ<b>âbŭs</b>. See also § <a href="http://thenewlatinprimer.blogspot.com/2011/08/first-declension-266.html"><b>266</b></a>.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3264932139184309755.post-58295053808427832902011-08-06T22:41:00.004+10:002011-08-07T17:57:13.143+10:00First Declension II<b style="color: #cc0000;">19</b><br />
<div style="color: #073763; text-align: justify;">The following is a Noun of the First Declension declined throughout, with the ordinary translations of the cases added. Nouns of other Declensions may be declined after the same model. </div><center><table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5"><tbody>
<tr><td></td> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i> singular</i></span></td><td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i> plural</i></span></td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Nom</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">mênsă, <i>A table</i></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">mênsae, <i>tables</i></td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Voc</i>.</span></td><td><span style="color: #0b5394;">mênsă, </span><i><span style="color: #0b5394;">table</span>!</i></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">mênsae, <i>tables!</i></td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Acc</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">mênsam, <i>a table</i></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">mênsâs, <i>tables</i></td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Gen.</i></span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">mênsae, <i>of a table</i></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">mênsârum, of tables</td></tr>
<tr> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">Dat</span></i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">mênsae, <i>to </i>or<i> for a table</i></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">mênsîs, <i>to </i>or<i> for tables</i></td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Abl</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">mênsâ, <i>with </i>or<i> from a table </i></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">mênsîs, <i>with </i>or<i> from tables</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table></center><br />
<div style="color: #073763; text-align: justify;">The student should observe that the translation of the Nominative is distinguished from the translation of the Accusative by a capital letter: <i>A table. Tables.</i> The reason of this is that the Nominative is the case of the Subject, which usually begins the sentence in English.</div><span style="color: #33003f;"></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3264932139184309755.post-49571268546311607742011-08-06T22:40:00.010+10:002011-08-07T21:52:38.753+10:00Second Declension I<b style="color: #cc0000;">20</b><br />
<div style="color: #073763; text-align: justify;">The Nominative Singular ends in -<b>ŭs</b>, -<b>ĕr</b>, or -<b>ŭ</b><b>m</b>.<br />
G<span style="font-size: x-small;">ENDER</span>.—Nouns in -<i>ŭs</i> and -<i>ĕr</i> are generally Masculine; nouns in -<i>ŭm</i> are Neuter.<br />
<br />
Nouns in -<b>ŭs</b>. <b>haed</b>-<b>ŭs</b>,<b> </b><i>goat</i>,<b> </b>base<b> haed</b>-</div><br />
<center><table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5"><tbody>
<tr><td></td> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">singular</span></i></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #fc3023;"><span style="color: #a64d79;">plural</span></span></i></span> </td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Nom</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">haedŭs</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">haedî</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Voc</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">haedĕ</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">haedî</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Acc</i>.</span></td><td><span style="color: #0b5394;">haedŭm</span> </td><td style="color: #0b5394;">haedôs</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Gen.</i></span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">haedî</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">haedôrum</td></tr>
<tr> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">Dat</span></i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">haedô</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">haedîs</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Abl</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">haedô</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">haedîs</td></tr>
</tbody></table></center><br />
<div style="color: #073763;">Nouns in -<b>ŭm</b>. <b>bell</b>-<b>ŭm</b>,<b> </b><i>war</i>,<b> </b>base<b> bell</b>-</div><br />
<center><table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5"><tbody>
<tr><td></td> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">singular</span></i></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #fc3023;"><span style="color: #a64d79;">plural</span></span></i> </span></td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Nom</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">bellŭm</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">bellă</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Voc</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">bellŭm</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">bellă</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Acc</i>.</span></td><td><span style="color: #0b5394;">bellŭm</span> </td><td style="color: #0b5394;">bellă</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Gen.</i></span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">bellî</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">bellôrum</td></tr>
<tr> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">Dat</span></i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">bellô</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">bellîs</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Abl</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">bellô</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">bellîs</td></tr>
</tbody></table></center><br />
<div style="color: #073763; text-align: justify;">The Locative Singular, when used, ends in <i>-î</i>, as <b>Corinthî</b>, <i>at Corinth</i>.<br />
<br />
<b>Nouns in </b>-<b>ĕr.</b>—These originally ended in -ĕr-ŭs (the Base ending in -er), and have lost the inflexion of the Nominative and Vocative Singular. The majority also drop <i>e</i> before <i>r</i>, except in the same cases.<br />
<br />
<b>Exx</b>. <b>pŭĕr</b>, <i>boy</i>, base <b>pŭĕr</b>-; <b style="color: #073763;">ăgĕr</b>, <i>field</i>, base <b>ăgr</b>-</div><br />
<center><table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5"><tbody>
<tr><td></td> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">singular</span></i></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #fc3023;"><span style="color: #a64d79;">plural</span></span></i> </span></td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Nom</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">pŭĕr</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">pŭĕrî</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Voc</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">pŭĕr</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">pŭĕrî</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Acc</i>.</span></td><td><span style="color: #0b5394;">pŭĕrŭm</span> </td><td style="color: #0b5394;"><span style="font-size: small;">pŭĕrôs</span></td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Gen.</i></span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">pŭĕrî</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">pŭĕrôrum</td></tr>
<tr> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">Dat</span></i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">pŭĕrô</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">pŭĕrîs</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Abl</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">pŭĕrô</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">pŭĕrîs</td></tr>
</tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5"><tbody>
<tr><td></td> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">singular</span></i></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #fc3023;"><span style="color: #a64d79;">plural</span></span></i></span> </td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Nom</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">ăgĕr</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">ăgrî</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Voc</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">ăgĕr</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">ăgrî</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Acc</i>.</span></td><td><span style="color: #0b5394;">ăgrŭm </span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">ăgrôs</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Gen.</i></span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">ăgrî</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">ăgrôrum</td></tr>
<tr> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">Dat</span></i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">ăgrô</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">ăgrîs</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Abl</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">ăgrô</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">ăgrîs</td></tr>
</tbody></table></center><br />
<div style="color: #073763; text-align: justify;">The following Nouns are declined like pŭĕr: socĕr, <i>father-in-law</i>, gĕnĕr, <i>son-in-law</i>, vespĕr, <i>evening</i>, ădultĕr, <i>adulterer</i>, Lîbĕr, <i>Liber</i>.<br />
<br />
In Nouns the base of which ends in -<b>î</b>-, the Genitive Singular is usually contracted. The Vocative Singular Roman Proper names in -ĭŭs, and of fîlĭŭs <i>son</i>, is also contracted. Thus, nĕgôtî (for nĕgôtĭî) <i>of-business</i>, fîlî (for fîlĭĕ) <i>my son!</i><br />
<br />
<center><table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5"><tbody>
<tr><td></td> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">singular</span></i></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #fc3023;"><span style="color: #a64d79;">plural</span></span></i></span> </td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Nom</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">fîlĭŭs</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">fîlĭî</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Voc</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">fîlî</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">fîl<span style="font-size: small;">ĭ</span>î</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Acc</i>.</span></td><td><span style="color: #0b5394;">fîlĭŭm</span> </td><td style="color: #0b5394;">fîlĭôs</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Gen.</i></span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">fîlî <i>or</i> fîlĭî</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">fîlĭôrum</td></tr>
<tr> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">Dat</span></i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">fîlĭô</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">fîlĭîs</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Abl</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">fîlĭô</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">fîlĭîs</td></tr>
</tbody></table></center><br />
<div style="color: #073763;"><b>dĕŭs</b>, <i>god</i>, and <b>vĭr</b>, <i>man</i>, are irregular.</div><br />
<center><table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5"><tbody>
<tr><td></td> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">singular</span></i></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #fc3023;"><span style="color: #a64d79;">plural</span></span></i></span> </td><td></td><td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">singular</span></i></span></td> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #fc3023;"><span style="color: #a64d79;">plural</span></span></i></span></td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Nom</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">dĕŭs</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">dî (dĕî)</td><td></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">vĭr</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">vĭrî</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Voc</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">dĕŭs</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">dî (dĕî)</td><td></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">vĭr</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">vĭrî</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Acc</i>.</span></td><td><span style="color: #0b5394;">dĕŭm</span> </td><td style="color: #0b5394;">dĕôs</td><td></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">vĭrum </td><td style="color: #0b5394;">vĭrôs</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Gen.</i></span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">dĕî</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">dĕôrum <i>or</i> dĕum </td><td></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">vĭrî</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">vĭrôrum <i>or</i> vĭrum</td></tr>
<tr> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">Dat</span></i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">dĕô</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">dĕîs</td><td></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">vĭrô</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">vĭrîs</td><td></td><td style="color: #0b5394;"><br />
</td><td style="color: #0b5394;"><br />
</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Abl</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">dĕô</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">dĕîs</td><td></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">vĭrô</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">vĭrîs</td></tr>
</tbody></table></center><br />
For other irregularities see § <b>268</b>–<b>270</b>.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3264932139184309755.post-69349087017426465132011-08-06T20:06:00.002+10:002011-08-10T14:22:32.670+10:00Inflections of Verbs<div style="color: #cc0000;"><b>54</b></div><span style="color: #073763;"><span style="color: #674ea7;"></span>Verbs have inflections to denote Person, Number, Tense, Mood, and Voice.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3264932139184309755.post-30903162680166033192011-08-06T20:05:00.000+10:002011-08-10T14:01:39.917+10:00Inflections of Person<div style="color: #cc0000; text-align: justify;"><b>55</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #073763;"><span style="color: #351c75;"></span><span style="color: #073763;">The Inflections of Person are three: First Person ăm-</span><b style="color: #073763;">ô</b><span style="color: #073763;"> </span><i style="color: #073763;">I love</i><span style="color: #073763;">; Second Person, ăm-</span><b style="color: #073763;">âs</b><span style="color: #073763;"> </span><i style="color: #073763;">thou lovest</i><span style="color: #073763;">; Third Person ăm-</span></span><b style="color: #073763;">ă</b><span style="color: #073763;"><b>t</b> <i>he loves</i>.</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3264932139184309755.post-56884452552371036072011-08-06T20:04:00.003+10:002011-08-10T14:20:15.603+10:00Inflections of Number<div style="color: #cc0000;"><b>56</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #073763;">The inflections of a Verb vary according as the Number is Singular or Plural; as Singular hŏmŏ ăm-</span><b style="color: #073763;">ăt</b><span style="color: #073763;"> </span><i style="color: #073763;">the man loves</i><span style="color: #073763;">, Plural hŏmĭnês ăm-</span><b style="color: #073763;">ant</b><span style="color: #073763;"> </span><i style="color: #073763;">the men love</i><span style="color: #073763;">.</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3264932139184309755.post-40094720834494774912011-08-06T19:54:00.004+10:002011-08-10T13:43:48.643+10:00First Declension III<div style="color: #cc0000;"><b>266</b></div><div style="color: #073763; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #351c75;">Genitive Singular.</span>—An old form in -âî is sometimes found in poetry; as ăquă <i>water</i>, Genitive ăquai. fămĭlîă <i>household</i> has an old Genitive fămĭli-<b>âs</b>, used only in composition with păter, mâter, fîlius. See § <b><a href="http://thenewlatinprimer.blogspot.com/2011/08/irregular-nouns-279.html">279</a></b>.</div><div style="color: #073763; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #073763; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #351c75;">Genitive Plural.</span>—A form in -um instead of ârum is sometimes used in poetry from words of Greek origin, especially Patronymics, as Aenĕădae <i>descendants of Aeneas</i>, Genitive Aenĕădum, and words ending in -gĕnă, -cŏlă, as caelĭcŏlă, <i>dweller in heaven</i>, Genitive Plural, caelicolum. drâchmum <i>of drachmæ</i>, amphŏrum <i>of amphoræ</i> occur in prose.</div><div style="color: #073763; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: #351c75;">Dative and Ablative Plural in -</span><b style="color: #351c75;">ăbŭs</b><span style="color: #351c75;">.</span>—Three words only in classical authors use this form: dĕă <i>goddess</i>, fîliă <i>daughter</i>, lîbertă <i>freed-woman</i>.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3264932139184309755.post-12526021402685160802011-08-06T19:53:00.006+10:002011-08-07T21:38:31.554+10:00First Declension IV<div style="color: #cc0000;"><b>267</b></div><div style="color: #073763;"><span style="color: #741b47;">G</span><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: x-small;">REEK</span><span style="color: #741b47;"> N</span><span style="color: #741b47; font-size: x-small;">OUNS</span><span style="color: #741b47;">.</span>—Proper names ending in -<i>ê</i> (Feminine) and -<i>âs</i> (Masculine), and many in -<i>ês</i> (Masculine), especially Patronymics in -<i>dês</i>, belong to this declension. They often retain the Greek inflexions, thus:<br />
<br />
<center><table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5"><tbody>
<tr><td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Nom</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">Circê</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">Aenêâs</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">Alcîdês</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Voc</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">Circê</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">Aenêâ</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">Alcîdê<span style="color: blue;">*</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Acc</i>.</span></td><td><span style="color: #0b5394;">Circ</span><span style="color: #0b5394;">ên</span> </td><td style="color: #0b5394;">Aenêân <i>or</i> -âm</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">Alcîd<span style="color: #0b5394;">ên</span> </td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Gen.</i></span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">Circês <i>or</i> -ae</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">Aenêae </td><td style="color: #0b5394;">Alcîdae</td></tr>
<tr> <td><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #a64d79;">Dat</span></i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">Circae</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">Aenêae</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">Alcîdae</td></tr>
<tr> <td style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Abl</i>.</span></td><td style="color: #0b5394;">Circê (<i>rarely</i> -â)</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">Aenêâs</td><td style="color: #0b5394;">Alcîdê (<i>rarely</i> -â)</td></tr>
</tbody></table></center><br />
<div style="color: #073763;">So a few common nouns, as sŏphistês <i>sophist</i>. Many Greek names in -ê have two forms, one Greek and one Latin: as Ătălantê, -ês, <i>or</i> Ătălantă, -ae.<br />
<br />
<div style="color: #674ea7;">* Other names in -ês often have the Vocative in -â or -ă. </div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3264932139184309755.post-61818731188595987292011-08-06T19:41:00.003+10:002011-08-10T13:45:12.811+10:00Irregular Nouns<div style="color: #cc0000;"><b>279</b></div><div style="color: #073763; text-align: justify;"><i style="color: #351c75;">Nouns often written as One Word but declined as two.</i>—păterfămĭliâs <i>head of a household</i> (lit. <i>father of the family</i>). Accusative pătremfămĭliâs, and so on. In the Plural pătrêsfămĭliâs or pătrêsfămĭliârum. So also mâterfămĭliâs <i>f</i>., fîliusfămĭliâs <i>m</i>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #073763;">jûsj</span><span style="color: #073763;">û</span><span style="color: #073763;">randum n. <i>oath</i>; Genitive j</span><span style="color: #073763;">û</span><span style="color: #073763;">risj</span><span style="color: #073763;">û</span><span style="color: #073763;">randi, and so on.</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0